Male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle1. Introduction to the Reproductive SystemThe reproductive system is responsible for producing offspring and ensuring species survival.Reproduction can be asexual or sexual, but humans and most…
Glands, hormones, and their functions (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, adrenal)1. Introduction to the Endocrine SystemThe endocrine system consists of glands that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream.It regulates metabolism, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis.…
Structure of neurons, brain, spinal cord, reflex actions, major sense organs1. Introduction to the Nervous SystemThe nervous system is responsible for coordination, communication, and response to stimuli.It is divided into:Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes the brain and…
Kidneys and nephron function, excretion, osmoregulation1. Introduction to the Excretory SystemThe excretory system is responsible for the removal of metabolic wastes from the body.Major excretory products include urea, uric acid, ammonia, carbon dioxide…
Structure of the human heart, blood vessels, blood composition, circulation process1. Introduction to the Circulatory SystemThe circulatory system is responsible for the transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste materials throughout the body.It consists of the heart,…
Mechanism of breathing, respiratory organs in humans, gas exchange1. Introduction to the Respiratory SystemThe respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the body.It ensures oxygen supply to the cells for energy…
Human digestive system structure and function, digestive enzymes1. Introduction to the Human Digestive SystemThe digestive system is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.It consists of the alimentary canal and associated digestive glands.The…