- Ancient Indian science dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization (circa 3300–1300 BCE), where advanced urban planning and engineering were evident.
- The Vedas, particularly the Rigveda, contain references to natural phenomena and may be considered some of the earliest scientific texts.
- Ayurveda, one of the world's oldest medical systems, originated in ancient India and emphasizes holistic health and herbal medicine.
- The concept of "zero" (0) and the decimal numeral system, including place value, were developed in India, making complex mathematical calculations possible.
- The Indian mathematician Aryabhata (476–550 CE) wrote the Aryabhatiya, which discussed mathematical and astronomical concepts, including the heliocentric model of the solar system.
- The famous mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta (598–668 CE) contributed to the understanding of algebra and trigonometry.
- The concept of pi (π) as the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle was approximated by Indian mathematicians.
- Ancient Indians were skilled in metallurgy, crafting high-quality steel known as Wootz steel, which was highly sought after globally.
- The art of navigation and shipbuilding was well-developed in ancient India, with ships known as "navikas" used for trade.
- The ancient treatise "Arthashastra" by Kautilya (Chanakya) discussed economics, politics, and statecraft, demonstrating advanced knowledge in governance.
- Ancient Indian astronomers made significant advancements in observational astronomy and accurately calculated the length of a year and the positions of celestial bodies.
- The construction of massive observatories like the Jantar Mantar in Jaipur reflected India's commitment to astronomical research.
- The concept of the seven-day week and the names of the days of the week have their roots in ancient Indian astrology.
- Ancient Indian physicians practiced surgery, including techniques such as cataract surgery and plastic surgery.
- Indian botanists and herbalists documented a vast array of plant species and their medicinal properties in texts like the Charaka Samhita.
- The concept of "yoga" was developed in ancient India as a means of achieving physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.
- The classical Sanskrit texts, known as the "Shastras," covered various sciences, including linguistics, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
- The ancient Indian philosopher Kanada is credited with formulating the atomic theory, known as "Vaisheshika."
- Indian mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara II (1114–1185 CE) made significant contributions to calculus and algebra.
- The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics in southern India played a crucial role in the development of calculus and trigonometry.
- The concept of "Sulba Sutras" provided geometric principles for the construction of altars and buildings and contained mathematical ideas.
- Ancient Indian agriculture was advanced, with techniques like crop rotation, soil enrichment, and irrigation systems in use.
- Ancient India had an extensive knowledge of various metals and their properties, including gold, silver, copper, and iron.
- The treatise "Sushruta Samhita" is considered one of the earliest works on surgery, describing surgical instruments and techniques.
- Ancient Indian scientists and scholars made contributions not only in the scientific field but also in philosophy, ethics, and social sciences, influencing the culture and knowledge of the time.
These points illustrate the depth and breadth of ancient Indian science and its lasting impact on various scientific disciplines and human knowledge.